用法详解
被动语态（Passive Voice）是动词的一种形式，表示主语是动作的承受者，而不是动作的执行者。与之相对的是主动语态（Active Voice）。
为什么要用被动语态
- 不知道动作的执行者是谁
- 不必指出动作的执行者
- 强调动作的承受者
- 出于礼貌或客观需要
- My bike was stolen last night.（不知道谁偷的）
- English is spoken in many countries.（不必指出谁说的）
- The window was broken by Tom.（强调窗户被打破）
- It is believed that he is honest.（客观陈述）
被动语态的构成
基本结构
主语 + be + 过去分词 + (by + 动作执行者)
各种时态的被动语态
| 时态 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | do/does | am/is/are + done |
| 一般过去时 | did | was/were + done |
| 一般将来时 | will do | will be + done |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are doing | am/is/are being + done |
| 过去进行时 | was/were doing | was/were being + done |
| 现在完成时 | have/has done | have/has been + done |
| 过去完成时 | had done | had been + done |
| 含情态动词 | can/must/should do | can/must/should be + done |
- 一般现在时：The room is cleaned every day.
- 一般过去时：The letter was sent yesterday.
- 一般将来时：The problem will be solved soon.
- 现在进行时：A new bridge is being built.
- 现在完成时：The work has been finished.
- 含情态动词：It must be done carefully.
主动语态变被动语态的步骤
- 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语
- 把主动语态的谓语变为"be + 过去分词"
- 把主动语态的主语变为 by 的宾语（可省略）
- 其他成分不变
主动：Tom wrote a letter. 被动：A letter was written by Tom.
主动：We will hold a meeting tomorrow. 被动：A meeting will be held by us tomorrow.
主动：Someone has stolen my bike. 被动：My bike has been stolen (by someone).
特殊情况
双宾语的被动转换
有些动词可以接双宾语（间接宾语 + 直接宾语），如 give, send, tell, show, teach, offer, lend 等。变被动时，两个宾语中的任何一个都可以作主语。
主动：He gave me a book. 被动1：I was given a book by him.（间接宾语作主语） 被动2：A book was given to me by him.（直接宾语作主语，需加 to）
主动：She taught us English. 被动1：We were taught English by her. 被动2：English was taught to us by her.
感官动词和使役动词的被动
主动语态中，感官动词（see, hear, watch, notice 等）和使役动词（make, let, have 等）后接不带 to 的不定式。变为被动语态时，必须加上 to。
主动：I saw him enter the room. 被动：He was seen to enter the room.
主动：The boss made the workers work overtime. 被动：The workers were made to work overtime.
主动：We heard her sing in the next room. 被动：She was heard to sing in the next room.
不用被动语态的情况
-
不及物动词：happen, take place, occur, belong to 等。
- The accident happened yesterday.（不能说 was happened）
-
表示状态的动词：have, own, possess, contain, fit, suit 等。
- She has a car.（不说 A car is had by her）
-
某些动词的主动形式表示被动意义：
- The book sells well.（这本书卖得好）
- The cloth washes easily.（这布好洗）
- The door won’t open.（门打不开）
by + 动作执行者
by 短语表示动作的执行者，但在以下情况通常省略：
- 动作执行者不明确或不重要时
- 动作执行者是泛指时（如 people, someone）
- 从上下文可以推断出执行者时
- Rice is grown in the south of China.（不必说 by farmers）
- The house was built in 1990.（不必说 by someone）
被动语态与系表结构的区别
“be + 过去分词"不一定是被动语态，也可能是系表结构（be + 形容词化的过去分词）。
| 被动语态 | 系表结构 |
|---|---|
| 表示动作 | 表示状态 |
| 可以用 by 短语 | 不能用 by 短语 |
| 可以有各种时态 | 通常只有一般现在时和一般过去时 |
- The window was broken by the boy.（被动语态，动作）
- The window is broken.（系表结构，状态）
- The book was written in 2000.（被动语态）
- I am interested in music.（系表结构）
- English _______ (speak) in many countries.
- The bridge _______ (build) last year.
- A meeting _______ (hold) tomorrow afternoon.
- The work _______ (finish) already.
- He _______ (see) to enter the office.
- is spoken
- was built
- will be held / is going to be held
- has been finished
- was seen
易错点提醒
- 忘记变化 be 动词：被动语态中 be 动词要根据时态和人称变化。
- 过去分词写错：注意不规则动词的过去分词形式。
- 双宾语被动转换时介词的使用：直接宾语作主语时，间接宾语前通常加 to 或 for。
- 感官/使役动词被动时忘记加 to。
被动语态是英语写作和阅读中经常遇到的语法现象。建议同学们多做主动变被动的转换练习，并注意在写作中恰当使用被动语态来丰富表达方式。